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Ahmed, S and Sobuz, M H R (2019) Challenges of implementing lean construction in the construction industry in Bangladesh. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(02), 174–207.

Clarke, N J, Kuipers, M C and Roos, J (2019) Cultural resilience and the Smart and Sustainable City. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(02), 144–55.

Dar, J (2019) Solar splitting day-lighting system “SolsDays”: the first beam splitting day-lighting system. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(02), 130–43.

García-León, R A, Quintero-Quintero, W and Rodriguez-Castilla, M (2019) Thermal analysis of three motorcycle disc brakes. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(02), 208–26.

Javed, N, Thaheem, M J, Bakhtawar, B, Nasir, A R, Khan, K I A and Gabriel, H F (2019) Managing risk in green building projects: toward a dedicated framework. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(02), 156–73.

Komolafe, M O, Oyewole, M O and Gbadegesin, J T (2019) Stakeholders’ relevance in sustainable residential property development. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(02), 112–29.

Olanipekun, A O, Oshodi, O S, Darko, A and Omotayo, T (2019) The state of corporate social responsibility practice in the construction sector. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(02), 91–111.

Suresh, N, Kumar, M and Arul Daniel, S (2019) Multi-agent strategy for low voltage DC supply for a smart home. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(02), 73–90.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords: Multi-agent system; Control strategy; Load management; DC grid; Low voltage DC system; Smart home appliances;
• ISBN/ISSN: 2046-6099
• URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-05-2019-0060
• Abstract:
  The researchers and policy makers worldwide have proposed many ideas for smart cities and homes in urban areas. The extensive work done for urban smart homes neglects the unique constraints of homes at remote mountain tops and deserts and rural village homes. The purpose of this paper is to propose a smart energy management system for a self-sustained home of any type situated in any geographical location with the availability of renewable energy sources like solar, etc. The purpose is mainly to highlight the importance and advantages of direct current (DC) homes with DC loads rather than a conventional alternating current (AC) home with both AC and DC loads. An attempt has been made to evolve a multi-agent coordinated control for the low voltage direct current (LVDC) smart home system. LVDC supply systems with in situ power generation are providing an efficient solution for the energy needs of a DC smart home. The individual sub-systems of the LVDC system have their unique functions and priorities and hence require both coordinated and independent control. The entire DC smart home system is modeled in the Matlab and codes are implemented for each agent of the home. LVDC grid is operating either in battery connected mode or utility grid-connected mode, and the DC link voltage is held constant in both the cases. Energy imported from the utility grid is minimized by load shedding during the rectifier mode of the bidirectional converter. In addition, load shedding is also done when the battery is discharging to increase the discharge time of the battery. Load shedding is done on the basis of a fixed priority of loads. A 48 s simulation is performed on the Matlab model to bring out the 24-hour operation of the proposed system. Various modes are simulated and the corresponding actions of the agents are tested. A new control strategy with agents for each sub-system of the LVDC system is presented. Each individual agent works in tandem with other agents and meets its own control imperatives without compromising the requirements of the overall system. Unlike the centralized control system, the proposed control strategy is a distributed control system. The control algorithm for each of the agents is developed, and the pseudo code is presented. The results of the simulation of the proposed scheme are presented to confirm the usefulness of the new control approach. The multi-agent concept for an energy management system is less addressed and thus its potential for efficient home energy management is presented. The proposed multi-agent strategy for a complete DC smart home with exclusive DC loads is not done earlier and is reported for the first time. The success of this strategy can be extended to other DC micro-grid systems like telecom power systems, ships, aircraft, datacentres, server rooms, residential complexes and commercial malls.